Understanding Aortic Dissection

As someone involved in Patient and Public Involvement (PPI), you may already be familiar with aortic dissection. However, if you are new to the condition or would like a clearer understanding, this section provides key information about the aorta, how aortic dissection occurs, and the factors that increase the risk.

The Aorta: Anatomy and Function

The aorta is the body’s largest artery, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It begins at the heart and travels through the chest (thoracic aorta) and into the abdomen (abdominal aorta), branching off to supply blood to vital organs and limbs. The aorta is made up of three layers, which help it withstand high-pressure blood flow.

What is Aortic Dissection?

Aortic dissection occurs when a tear develops in the inner layer of the aortic wall. As blood enters this tear, it separates the layers of the artery, creating a false channel. If the dissection extends, it can block blood flow to organs, cause severe internal bleeding, or even lead to a life-threatening rupture of the aorta.

Aortic dissections are classified into two main types:

Type A: Involves the part of the aorta closest to the heart (ascending aorta) and requires emergency surgery.

Type B: Begins in the section of the aorta that runs through the chest and abdomen (descending aorta) and may be managed with medication or surgery, depending on severity.

Risk Factors for Aortic Dissection

Several factors can weaken the aortic wall or increase stress on it, making a dissection more likely:

! High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Puts extra strain on the aorta, increasing the risk of a tear.

! Connective Tissue Disorders: Conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can cause the aorta to be more fragile.

! Aortic Aneurysm: A bulging or weakened area of the aorta that can predispose it to dissection.

! Genetic Factors: A family history of aortic disease may indicate a higher risk.

! Bicuspid Aortic Valve: A common heart valve abnormality that may contribute to aortic complications.

! Trauma: Severe chest injury, such as in a car accident, can cause aortic damage.

! Smoking: Long-term tobacco use contributes to vascular disease and weakens blood vessels.

! Stimulant Use: Drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines can lead to sudden spikes in blood pressure, increasing risk.

! Pregnancy: Rarely, pregnancy can place additional stress on the aorta, especially in individuals with underlying aortic conditions.

Understanding the risks and early signs of aortic dissection can help improve diagnosis and treatment. This knowledge is essential for PPI members who contribute to shaping research and ensuring patient perspectives are included in studies focused on better detection, management, and outcomes for aortic dissection.